➥ Loading Saint Helena Island Info
World War 1
St Helenas part in The Great War
Few, if any, parts of the British Empire were less shaken by the Worlds upheaval than St Helena{b}
St Helena and her people played an active part in World War 1, but were relatively lightly affected by it
4th August 1914 - 11th November 1918
Some of the information provided here is sourced from an article by Ian Bruce.
SEE ALSO: World War 2
News reached Governor Cordeaux on 5th August 1914 that war had broken out. Martial law was immediately declared on St Helena. It was assumed that German forces would attempt to seize control of the islands Cable Station, thereby interrupting communications across the Empire. Any threat was expected by sea or from German-held Namibia, there being concern because the islands defences had been run down pre-war with the total withdrawal of the Garrison. The Volunteer Corps was re-formed as a 60-man force, though with only minimal armaments, and the Garrison was recalled, arriving on 25th August. In the following weeks 165 St Helenians enlisted.
In October 1914 the RGA Volunteers was amalgamated with the St Helena Sharpshooters, though rifles for the new force did not arrive on the island until November 1915. Two days later on 23rd October the island was reinforced with a further 87 troops.
On 8th December that year a British naval force defeated a German squadron comprising two armoured cruisers, three light cruisers and three auxiliaries in the Battle of the Falkland Islands, and probably thereby saved St Helena from shelling by the Germans. In fact, and probably as a result, the island was never challenged.
In January 1915 the Prince and Princess Salm-Salm of Prussia arrived at St Helena en route to Gibraltar for imprisonment due to the war. They had the misfortune to be visiting South Africa without diplomatic protection at the outbreak of war and were first interned, then transported to Gibraltar in 1915 before finally returning to Germany in 1916 through an exchange deal.
The islands military defences were improved and The Wharf was enlarged, including the installation of two motor cranes. Work started in March 1915, and was completed in September 1916 at a cost of £11,000.
In 1916 Conscription was introduced in the UK (but not in St Helena) which gave rise to the first Conscientious Objectors. In addition to their suffering at the hands of their war-focussed compatriots, one Viscount Knutsford argued publicly that they should all be exiled at St Helena: If men live in this country, accept the protection for property and person of the laws of the country, and yet will not obey those laws, I think this country should export them [᠁] there are places like St Helena which are complaining of a shortage of population to which they might be sent. Nobody seems to have taken the proposal seriously.
The St Helena Volunteer Sharpshooters was renamed the St Helena Rifles with effect from 16th March 1918.
Around 46 islanders served, on the European Front and elsewhere, travelling abroad at their own expense.
Britain and much of the Empire celebrated Peace Day for 3-4 days in July 1919. On St Helena peace celebrations were held on 22nd July 1919, with a single-day event on Francis Plain.
After the end of the war the clock tower next to the Market in Jamestown was dedicated to the memory of those who fell in the war.
I cannot speak too highly of the loyal and patriotic spirit shown by the whole population in all matters relating to the safety and welfare of the Colony. The full significance of the war is thoroughly appreciated in this distant outpost of Empire, and its progress is followed with the keenest interest. Though debarred by distance and the limited resources of their small Island from taking a more active part in the struggle, the inhabitants of this Colony have given ample proof that they are imbued with the same spirit of loyalty and devotion to His Majesty and the Empire to which other Colonies have been in a position to give more practical and material expression.{c}
Eight Saints were killed in military service during World War 1; only one of them while actually serving on St Helena. They were: Percy John Broadway, died 19th July 1915, Gallipoli; James Basset Graham, died 20th November 1916, Colincamp; Cavalla Isaac Grey, died 12th August 1916, Somme; James Edwin Nathaniel Joshua, died 27th November 1917, SS Camellia; James Robert Moyce, died 4th May 1915, St Helena Volunteer Rifles; John Joseph Riley, death details not found; George Edward Scipio, MM, died 20th August 1917, Ypres; Henry Seale, died 6th February 1921, HMS Birmingham. Their names are recorded on the Cenotaph (plaque, below). Note that the (official) Cenotaph plaque (below) contains fewer names than the plaque in St. Pauls Cathedral.
The governor in the entire period was Governor Harry Edward Spiller Cordeaux (February 1912 to June 1920){3}. However, he spent 2½ years away from the island, from March 1917 to October 1919, working in London at the Board of Trade, to much local disquiet:
Service in World War 1 was voluntary in St Helena and appeals were broadcast throughout the Empire to encourage recruits. On 28th October 1915 the St Helena Guardian published the following:
YOUNG MEN of St. Helena - all ye who are budding into manhood - your King appeals to you to come forward and join your brothers who are fighting for Freedom and Justice; then make up your minds and show not only to your King and Country but to the civilized world that you are true sons of the Empire by readily responding to the Call to Arms. The Mother Country has protected your hearths and homes for very many years, and made you a free people; therefore it is to your future wellbeing that you should give all the help you possibly can to bring this terrible war to a speedy termination. Rouse, then, brothers, rouse! Quit yourselves like men, and go forth to battle with the common enemy, and do that which is your bounden duty to do - fight for the Empire who has done so much for you and thus show your gratitude and loyalty, which even the West Coast Africans have done. Surely you will not be a whit behind them!
Think, too, that with your freedom you are a free agent, and that implies possession of enough manhood to know that this is your job to see through. In Germany men are not asked to go, not expected to go, they are ordered. Will the men of our great Empire by failing to voluntarily go forth, put our Government to the extremity of making service compulsory? It is the only alternative and put us down the scale on the level of the Huns. We are not many here, but those who are fit can show the way by wholesale volunteering.
Before World War 1 Marconi was contracted by the British War Office to set up a chain of military wireless stations throughout the Empire, including one on St Helena, to communicate with naval ships, although the network was not actually completed until after the war had ended. The only station actually operating on St Helena during World War 1 was a small Morse Code station run by the Royal Marines from Ladder Hill Fort.
There was much concern that other radios operating in the harbour might interfere with the RM Morse Code station, so restrictions were imposed in May 1917. These were extreme to the point of being neurotic. They required ships in harbour to unplug aerial wires from their radios and to hang the plug-ends onto the main rigging where they could be clearly seen from the shore, to ensure compliance. Additionally, physical access to the equipment was denied to the crew, the harbour master being given the authority to seal the doors of radio rooms of all ships in harbour.
The RM Morse Code station was dismantled in 1920, rather than (as might have been more helpful) it being re-deployed for civilian use.
Here are the major events in the period not directly related to the war:
On 21st October 1914 the new pipe organ in St. James Church was dedicated by Bishop Holbech.
A new Customs Ordinance came into force on 1st March 1915, charging export duty of 10s(£0.5) per ton on flax fibre 5s(£0.25) per ton on tow.
In April 1915 Canon L C Walcott founded the islands first scout troop.
18 of the crew of the ship SS Indian Monarch reached St Helena on 15th November 1915 in rowing boat. The ship had burned out 420 miles SSE of the island.
In January 1916 there was reported to be a severe shortage of soap on the island.
A new flax mill started operating in July 1916, owned by Messrs Deason Brothers.
War Tax was imposed on St Helena with effect from 18th September 1916, to help fund World War 1.
Water Tanks were erected at Half Tree Hollow in December 1916 - the Three Tanks - at a cost of £341.
The Pretender to the Sultanate of Zanzibar arrived in August 1917 with a party of 25 people. He, and they, were held as prisoners at what is now Pilling School.
In October 1917 the St Helena Guardian was censored by Acting Governor Lieutenant Colonel William Dixon. In response the editor, Benjamin Grant, closed the paper for two years.
The biggest difficulty faced by the people of St Helena during World War 1 was in 1917. Ship calls from South Africa had dwindled, bringing fewer imports, and supplies direct from the UK were unreliable. For ten days in November 1917 the island was close to starvation, alleviated only after negotiations between the Governor and the Government of Mauritius.
The Government Lace School closed in December 1917.
William Alexander Thorpe fell from his horse on 12th January 1918. He died two days later. Also dying that year was an un-named female giant tortoise living at Plantation House.
The Baptist Chapel at Head oWain was opened on 31st March 1918.
The Flax Industry benefitted from the war. Prices rose and in response mills were opened and more land was taken for growing flax; some of it agricultural and some previously occupied by endemic species. Loss of agricultural land is thought to have been partly responsible for the severe food shortage in 1917. Wages to the workers remained poor; only the owners really benefitted from the boom.
In contrast, the Lace Making Industry failed during the war. Disrupted shipping reduced sales, and then the teacher, Helen Girdwood, became ill at the end of 1916 and had to leave St Helena. She was not replaced and the School closed at the beginning of 1917.
Forward he cried from the rear and the front line died. Generals sigh and the lines on the map move from side to side.{d}
Wreath laying at the Cenotaph for Remembrance Day
Armistice Day, the anniversary of the end of World War 1, has only been marked in recent years; in 2021 with a ceremony at Plantation House.
Below: Sources Article: George Edward Scipio a true St Helenian hero Article: The St Helena Rifle Volunteers
You can read a more detailed article about St Helena during World War 1Ⓘ by Ian Bruce, originally published in Wirebird, the magazine of Friends of St Helena{2}, 2019{1}
George Edward Scipio a true St Helenian hero
By Nick Stevens, published on Facebook 12th November 2021{1}
I have always been interested in History; especially history of the two world wars. As a youngster I was always intrigued about the story of my Grannys Uncle George Edward Scipio (my Great, Great Uncle) who according to my Grandma went off to serve King and Country in the Great War and was killed at the front line 104 years ago. Her story was a bit vague and I wanted to know more.
In 2014 I began my research to find out more about George and constantly hit a brick wall. I struggled to find any information on St Helenians serving in World War One.
It was on the 2nd July 2016 when I had a positive breakthrough as I found details of Georges death on the records of the London Irish Rifles. I posted what I found on Facebook and Steve Brown (husband of Pam Brown) came to my rescue and did a lot of research for me which he kindly forwarded on to me.
George left the island sometime in February 1916 on the Union Castle ship Balmoral Castle, arriving in Plymouth about the 3rd or 4th March 1916. On the passenger list it shows his occupation as being plate layer, unusual as this was an occupation to do with the railways.
He probably enlisted straight away. No records of his military service are available on the websites. A large percentage of the WW1 soldiers records were destroyed in the Blitz in 1941.
George moved to France with the London Irish Rifles battalion arriving on 17th June 1916 after no more than 3 months training. The battalion were as usual in and out of the front line and involved in all sorts of military attacks from raiding parties to full scale battles. They were involved in the Somme offensive 100+ years ago.
This is some of the battles that Georges regiment was involved in.
1916: The German attack at Vimy Ridge; The Battle of Flers-Courcelette; The Battle of the Transloy Ridges; The attacks on the Butte de Warlencourt.
1917: The Battle of Messine; The Battle of Pilkem Ridge; The Third Battles of Ypres; The Cambrai Operations.
The battalion website has his Military Medal being gazetted on 26th June 1917, but the London Gazette of 16th August 1917 has the entry. His rank shown on the medal would have been Lance Corporal. He probably was informed that he had been awarded the MM a few days before he was killed or he may never have known about it. Unfortunately there are no individual citations for the award of the Military Medal, just a broad statement that the medal is awarded for bravery and acts of courage in the face of the enemy. Steve assumes that Georges death was mentioned in the battalion war diary and that he may well have been recommended for the award due to his bombing platoon activities.
{e}
George died of wounds on 20th August 1917, and he is commemorated on the Menin gate, as he has no known grave. He probably died of wounds back in his own trenches and was hastily buried to the rear of the front line (this was normal practice), with his grave becoming lost or destroyed.
The site of the Menin Gate was chosen because of the hundreds of thousands of men who passed through it on their way to the battlefields. It commemorates casualties from the forces of Australia, Canada, India, South Africa and the United Kingdom who died in the Salient. In the case of United Kingdom casualties, only those prior 16th August 1917 (with some exceptions). United Kingdom and New Zealand servicemen who died after that date are named on the memorial at Tyne Cot, a site which marks the furthest point reached by Commonwealth forces in Belgium until nearly the end of the war. New Zealand casualties that died prior to 16th August 1917 are commemorated on memorials at Buttes New British Cemetery and Messines Ridge British Cemetery.
The Ypres (Menin Gate) Memorial now bears the names of more than 54,000 officers and men whose graves are not known. The memorial, designed by Sir Reginald Blomfield with sculpture by Sir William Reid-Dick, was unveiled by Lord Plumer on 24th July 1927.
George is also remembered on a plaque at the Cenotaph in Jamestown and on plaques in St. Pauls Cathedral and St. Matthews Church.
George was the son of Hannah Scipio of Longwood. After his death his mum received just over £5 along with his personal effects.
Just a year later, 100 years after Georges death, Deon Robbertsse whilst working at the Longwood dump found one of Georges medals. Someone told him about this story that I wrote and he handed me the medal it was so surreal as the night before I was thinking of what it must have being like for George and the next day Deon handed me his medal outside of St. James Church
Additional information from London Irish Rifles which I received Oct 2020:
20th August 1917 - In line. Heavy shelling continues. 3 Other ranks killed, 2 missing and 13 wounded.
The Battalion moved up to the front line on 18th August and relieved the 2nd Northants and 2nd Sherwood Foresters in the right sector of the Brigade front, with Headquarters in Jaffa Trench. The journey to the line was very trying, the route Menin Gate - Birr Crossroads was used by thousands of men and transport and the crowded condition of Menin Road and the dreadful wet and mud and enemy harassing fire made the relief one of appalling discomfort.
Many casualties were sustained, including Lt. Ed Pinkerton wounded. Daylight revealed the front line: a medley of rough trenches and fortified trench holes in a desolate, sodden area, everywhere a quagmire and the ground littered with the debris of battle. Various pill boxes were scattered about and the most conspicuous landmarks were a number of derelict tanks, hopelessly bogged.
During the day, heavy shelling of the Battalions line occurred and three officers: 2nd Lts. CHJ Stewart, SA Thodaye and CF Havord were wounded and 2 other ranks killed and 9 men wounded.
Similar conditions obtained on 20th August and the days casualties were 3 other ranks killed, 2 missing and 13 wounded. One of the killed was Cpl. Scipio, a very gallant South African, who had done sterling work with the Bombing Platoon before going to a company.
The St Helena Rifle Volunteers
A St Helena Rifleman
Published in The All-Red Mail, Summer 1918{f}{1}
A Silk Union Jack and engraved Shield were presented last summer to the St Helena Rifle Volunteers by Her Royal Highness Princess Alice (Countess of Athlone) at the Colonial office, by kind invitation of the Right Hon. Walter Long.
Miss Chamberlain, Chairman of the Flag and Gift Committee of the League of the Empire, asked the Princess to receive the gifts for the St Helena Volunteers and other Regiments of the Crown Colonies. Miss Chamberlain said that their deeds would always be remembered amongst us, and although the St Helena Volunteers had not as yet been called upon to fight for the Empire, they had yet done all they could do in making ready for the call, and it was no idle boast when they said that they offered life and limb if the need should arise.
The little Island has not only helped by raising this Corps of fine men, it has also provided gifts in abundance towards many war charities.
The photograph shows an Inspection which lately took place at High Knoll, where the Corps paraded under the Adjutant, Captain Brett. His Excellency, the Acting Governor, who was attended by Lieut. Ogston, saw the men at drill and at bayonet fighting, and inspected both arms and equipment. In the course of his speech to the men His Excellency complimented them on their drill and smart appearance, and remarked that the interest which they showed in their work and the pride which they obviously took in their appearance, were proof of the respect and loyalty they felt for their King whose uniform they wore and whose soldiers they were. His Excellency congratulated Captain Brett on the excellent conduct of the Corps.
Credits:
{a} Ian Bruce{b} St Helena 1502-1938, by Philip Gosse{c} Governor Cordeaux, in The Blue Book 1914{d} Pink Floyd, from the album Dark Side of The Moon{e} dorkingmuseum.org.uk{f} Retrieved from archive.org/details/federalmagazin1918londuoft/page/n1 27th November 2019
Footnotes:
{1} @@RepDis@@{2} The four Wirebird publications should not be confused.{3} You can read a more detailed article about the Cordeaux period (1912-1920)Ⓘ by Ian Bruce, serialised in The Sentinel, September/October 2017{1}.